He pēhea te pānga o te whakakī ki te whanonga whakatioata o te pūmua?

Nā te kitenga i ngā tau 1980 o ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā hiato nairona 6/uku i arahi ki te rangahau nui mō ngā hiato pūmua kua whakakīia, me te māramatanga hou ki te tūranga o ngā whakakī i roto i ngā pūmua. Anei tētahi tirohanga ki te pānga o ngā whakakī ki te whanonga whakatioata o ngā pūmua.

Te awe o ngā whakakī ki te āhua tioata o ngā pūmua

Ka pā te tāpiri o ngā whakakī ki te āhua tioata o te pūmua:

He rerekē ngā āhua o ngā pūmua tioata i raro i ngā āhuatanga tioata rerekē, ā, ko ngā tioata porowhita tētahi o ngā momo āhuatanga tino kitea o te tioata pūmua. I raro i ngā āhuatanga hanga me te tukatuka noa, he porowhita ngā āhua o ngā pūmua tioata.

He mea nui te tāpiri o ngā whakakī ki te whakapūmau i ngā pūmua me te whakapai ake i ngā witi:

Ka iti, ka whāiti ngā tioata porowhita nunui, taratara hoki, ā, he pai te whakamahine i ngā tioata porowhita me te whakapai ake i te pakari o ngā rauemi, ā, he tikanga whai hua pea tēnei mō te whakapakeke i ngā pūmua.

He pānga anō hoki te hototahitanga o te whakakī ki te hanganga kapia ki te āhua o te tioata:

Hei tauira, i kitea e Qiao Fang me ētahi atu ka whakangaromia e te montmorillonite kua whakarawea te hanganga tioata porowhita o te nairona 6, nā te mea he kaha te hononga o ngā ngota nairona 6 ki ngā matūriki montmorillonite kua whakarawea, ā, ka āraia te nekehanga o ngā wāhanga mekameka ngota nairona 6 i roto i te tukanga whakarawea, ā, he uaua ki te tipu i roto i te whakaritenga ōrite me te auau i te ahunga radial, ā, ka āraia te tukanga tipu whakarawea, ā, ka puta he tioata kāore i oti.

I te wā e hangaia ana ngā hiato pūmua kua whakakīia ki te muka, ka whai wāhi pea ngā muka ki te hanga i te pūtake, ā, kāore e taea e ngā tioata porowhita te tipu toru-ahu i te wā o te tipu, ā, ka puta ko te tipu poutū, arā, ko te tipu kotahi-ahu e anga ana ki te hanga i ngā tioata whakawhiti.

Ngā tauira：

Ko ngā matū whakapūngao he momo matū ka taea te whakarerekē i te whanonga whakatioata o ngā kapia me te whakarerekē i te āhua moroiti o ngā pūmua hei hoatu ki a rātou ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi hou, ā, he kaupapa wera tēnei o ngā rangahau o nāianei i te kāinga me tāwāhi.

Tikanga mahi: I roto i te āhua rewa, i te mea ka whakaratohia e te matū whakatupu ngā karihi e hiahiatia ana, ka huri te pūhui mai i te whakatupu ōrite ki te whakatupu rerekē, ka tere ake te tere tioata me te whakapai ake i te hanganga o te witi, ā, ka whakapai ake hoki i te pakari o te hua.

Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā matūriki ki ngā matūriki kore-waro, ngā matūriki waro me ngā matūriki pūhui. Kua noho ngā matūriki nano hei wāhi rongonui mō ngā rangahau matūriki nā te mea he maha ngā pokapū hohe kei runga i te mata, ka taea te hono tata ki te papa, ā, he pai ake te hototahi, ā, kāore e ngāwari te wehe ngātahi o ngā matūriki ina pāngia e ngā kaha o waho.

Te pānga o ngā whakakī ki te tere o te whakatiotanga o te polymer

E rua ngā wāhanga o te tukanga whakatioata i te pūhui: te whakapūtanga me te tipu. Ko te whārite Avrami te tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i te tukanga whakatioata isothermal o ngā pūhui, ā, mā te kimi i te taupū Avrami n me te pūmau tere whakatioata K, ka taea te whakaputa i te tikanga tipu o ngā pūhui me te tere tipu.

I roto i tā rātou rangahau mō te tere o te whakatioata o te PP kua whakakīia ki te waro pango, i kitea e Mucha M me ētahi atu he āhuatanga whakatioata e rua ngā taahiraa: i te wāhanga tōmua o te whakatioata e pā ana ki te hanganga rerekē o te PP, ko te hanganga i runga i te mata o ngā matūriki waro pango, kāore he tukinga o ngā karihi i puta i te wāhanga tōmua o te whakatioata, ā, kāore i herea te tipu; ā, whai muri mai ko te wāhanga whakatioata puhoi i reira ka whakaroahia te tere tipu e te tukinga i waenga i ngā tioata. I te wāhanga tōmua o te whakatioata, ko te n he tata ki te 2.0, i te wāhanga muri o te whakatioata, ko te n he tata ki te 3.0. I kitea anō hoki he rerekē ngā pānga o te tāpiri o ngā rahinga rerekē o te waro pango ki ngā uara o K me te n. I te pāmahana whakatioata kotahi, ka piki ake te uara o K me te pikinga o te tāpiri waro pango.

E ai ki te whārite Avrami, ko te uara n me waiho hei tauoti pai he iti iho i te 4, he ōrite rānei ki te 4. I roto i te mahi, ko te uara n o te tukanga whakatioata o ngā pūmua he tau ira te nuinga o te wā, ā, te āhua nei he ōrite ki te 5, e tohu ana tēnei kei te rerekē te tukanga whakatioata tuturu mai i te whārite Avrami, ā, ka puta te āhuatanga o te whakatioata tuarua, te tukinga tioata porowhita rānei.

Tauira hanganga tioata o ngā pūmua kua whakakīia

I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua tino whakaatuhia e ngā ariā me ngā whakamātautau he rohe whakawhiti i waenganui i ngā rohe tioata me ngā rohe kore-ahua o te tioata. polymers, arā, he paparanga waenga, e kiia nei ko te wāhanga waenga tioata-kore-āhua.

I tātarihia te pānga o te talc ki te hanganga o te rohe tioata, te rohe kore-āhua me te wāhanga waenga o te polyethylene iti-kiato (LDPE) mā te tirotiro ira-ira-rua-ahu hihiri. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ka puta he huringa i roto i te tauira hanganga tioata o te LDPE mā te tāpiri o te talc, ā, ko te whakatau he hononga tata te talc ki te rohe tioata engari kāore ki te wāhanga kore-āhua, ka hua ake he hoahoa hanganga kua whakatauria.

Mā te ako i te pānga o ngā whakakī ki te whanonga whakatioata o ngā pūmua ka taea te ārahi ki te māramatanga pai ake ki te tikanga whakatioata me te tauira whakatioata o ngā pūmua tioata. Heoi anō, ka taea e te whanonga whakatioata o ngā pūmua kua whakakīia te pā tika ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā mea whakahiato, nō reira me aro atu ki tēnei.

Ahakoa kua kitea ētahi ahunga whakamua i roto i te rangahau i te pānga o ngā whakakī ki ngā āhuatanga tioata o ngā polymer, kei te iti tonu ngā rangahau hōhonu, pūnaha, me ngā rangahau taipitopito, ā, ki te taea te whakarite i tēnei āhuatanga, me arahi atu ki tētahi taumata rangahau teitei ake i roto i te whakarite rauemi me ngā āhuatanga.