Raina tangohanga pepa tuwhera PC

Te rangahau me te tātari mākete o ngā tikanga whakapūhui mō te PC polycarbonate

PC tuwheraraina tangohanga rainaKo te Polycarbonate (PC) he pūhui kei roto ngā rōpū carbonate i roto i te mekameka ngota, kei roto i te tauira te tātai hanganga ngota.

He pūmua kore tae te PC, he karāhe, he āhua kore-āhua, he pai ōna āhuatanga whatu, he ātete wera, he ātete pānga, he ātete ki ngā waikawa ngoikore me ngā kawakore me ngā hinu kūpapa. He pakari te PC, engari he iti te ātete ki te waikura, he tairongo ki te pakaru, he iti te ātete ki te rakuraku, he ngāwari ki ētahi whakarewa waro, he kōwhai ina roa te pānga ki te mārama ultraviolet, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi mō ngā hua e tukuna ana ki te mamaoa pēhanga teitei.

Ka taea te wehewehe i te PC ki ngā momo aliphatic, kakara, aliphatic-kakara me ētahi atu momo e ai ki te hanganga o te rōpū ester, i roto i ēnei ko te PC aliphatic me te aliphatic-kakara he iti ake ngā āhuatanga miihini, ka whakawhāiti i tā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā kirihou hangarau; ko te PC kakara anake kua hangaia i roto i te ahumahi tae noa mai ki tēnei wā. Nā ōna āhuatanga hanganga, kua riro te PC hei tētahi o ngā kirihou hangarau whānui e tere tipu haere ana me te mahi whānui tino pai, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mara o ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hiko, ngā ipu pepa, te ahumahi motuka, ngā taputapu hauora me ngā taputapu tiaki, ā, kei te tere haere te horapa ki ngā mara hou pēnei i te rererangi me te rererangi, ngā wāhanga whatu me ngā mōhiohio optoelectronic.

Te tukanga whakaputa rorohiko

I tēnei wā, e toru ngā tukanga whakaputa mō te PC, arā, te polycondensation atanga photogas (e mōhiotia ana ko te tikanga photogas), te polycondensation whakawhiti ester rewa me te polycondensation whakawhiti ester rewa kore-photogas.

1. Te whakapūngao ā-mata o te hau whakaahua

Tuatahi, ka whiwhihia te CO mā te waikura me te purenga wāhanga o te waro kōkō, ngā alkane waro-iti rānei, ā, ka whakaekohikohia te NaCl wai hei whiwhi i te Cl2 me te NaOH. Ka tauhohehia te CO hua ki te Cl2 hei whakaputa i te phosgene mata, ka pāngia e te whakapūngao ā-mata me te BPA i roto i te otinga CH2Cl2 hei whakaputa i te PC.

Hei tāpiritanga, ko te NaOH i puta mai i te electrolysis he mea whakakorikori i roto i te tukanga tauhohenga. Ko te otinga PC i whiwhihia ka purea tuatahi mā te horoi ki te nui o te wai, kātahi ka tāpirihia he hexane, he toluene rānei, ka whakahoroa hei tango i ngā whakarewa pēnei i te CH2Cl2 hei whiwhi i ngā pirepire PC. Ka whakapūkarahia te PC maroke mā te whakamahi i te pūpū rewa. Ka mahia te tauhohenga i te pēhanga hauātea, ā, ka hangarua ngā rauemi kua wehea i muri i te tauhohenga polycondensation, te wai whaea mai i te centrifugation, te dichloromethane me te waikawa hydrochloric.

Kua pakari te tukanga, he teitei te kounga o te hua, kāore he whakaritenga motuhake mō te parakore o te rauemi mata, he tino māmā ngā taputapu tauhohenga, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana iti me te pēhanga iti, engari ka pāngia te kounga o te hua e ngā iona pūhaumāota toenga i roto i te tukanga whakarite. Hei tāpiri, ko te rauemi mata ko te phosgene tino paitini, he tino morearea, engari he nui te nui o te hau para me te wai para e puta ana.

Ka whakakotahi a GE (General Electric) Plastics, Bayer me Mitsubishi Chemical i te mimiti me te maturuturu i roto i te tukanga whai muri i te maimoatanga hei tango i ngā paru wairewa mā te awhina o ngā whakarewa me ngā matū whakatītaha, hei whakapai ake hoki i te pānga purenga.

2. Te Whakarewatanga o te Whakawhitinga Ester Polycondensation
Ko te Polycondensation Whakawhitinga Ester Rewa e ahu mai ana i te phenol hei rauemi mata, ka whakaritea tuatahitia te DPC mā te tauhohenga photogasification interfacial, kātahi ka whai i te aroaro o ngā whakakorikori (pērā i te lithium halide, te lithium hydroxide, te lithium konumohe halide me te boron hydroxide, me ētahi atu) me ngā tāpiringa, kātahi ka whiwhihia te oligomer mā te tauhohenga whakawhiti ester me te bisphenol A, me te polycondensation anō hei whiwhi i ngā hua PC, ka whakaaturia te tukanga tauhohenga i roto i te whārite (3).

He iti ake te utu o tēnei tukanga i te photogas interfacial polycondensation, ā, he tino māmā noa iho, ā, he iti ake te wai para me te hau e puta mai ana. Heoi anō, me whakamahi tonu te tukanga i te phosgene tino paitini i roto i te whakarite i te rauemi mata DPC, ā, ka taea e ngā poke kei roto i te Cl te whakakore i te whakakorikori kawakore mā roto i ngā tauhohenga whakakorekore, ka whakaiti i te mahi a te PC, me te mea hoki ka kōwhai te rauemi.

3. Tikanga polycondensation whakawhiti ester rewa kore-phosgene
I te tau 1978 i whakaatu tuatahitia e GE Plastics tētahi patent mō te whakapūngao warowaihā o te phenol me te CO me te O2 mā te whakamahi i te Pd hei whakakorikori hei whakaputa i te DPC, ā, i whakawhitia ki te BPA i roto i te āhua rewa hei hanga PC, e whakaaturia ana i te whārite (4).

I te tau 1980 i whakakitea tuatahitia ai te tukanga o te whakapūngao warowaihā o te methanol ki te CO me te O2 hei hanga i te dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Kātahi ka pāngia te DMC e te tauhohenga whakawhiti ester me te phenol hei hanga i te toluene carbonate (MPC), he rerekē te MPC hei hanga i te DPC, ā, ka pāngia te DPC e te tauhohenga polycondensation whakawhiti ester me te bisphenol A i roto i te āhua rewa hei whakaputa hua PC, e whakaaturia ana i te tātai (5).

I te tau 1993, i ārahi a GE Plastics i te hanga ahumahi o te PC mā te tukanga kore-phosgene e whakamahi ana i tētahi tauhohenga biaxial me te kaha o te 25,000t/a e whakamahi ana i te CO hei rauemi mata.

He rauemi mata kore-paitini, kore-mura, ka taea te whakahou i te koiora te CO2, ā, he iti ake tōna kaha ki te whakataurite ki te CO, engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei monomer copolymer hei whakaputa PC. Kua whakawhanakehia motuhaketia e ningbo zhejiang iron dafeng chemical co., ltd. i Haina he tukanga whakaputa PC tikanga kore-phosgene mā te whakamahi i te CO2 me te propylene oxide hei rauemi mata, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa ā-tau o nāianei he 100,000 tone. Kua whakawhanakehia hoki e Asahi Kasei i Hapani he tukanga mō te whakaputa PC mā te tikanga kore-phosgene mā te whakamahi i te CO2, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2. Kei te whakaaturia tēnei i te Pikitia 2.
Ka whakahaerehia te tukanga i roto i te taiao kore wai (haunga te wai whakamatao) me te kore e whakamahia he rauemi mata waikura. Ka taea te hangarua i ngā hua taha ko te methanol me te phenol, ā, ka puta mai i te tukanga tauhohenga he hua e rua o te PC kounga teitei me te MEG parakore teitei, me te kore he para, he putanga para rānei.
Kāore te tukanga e whakamahi i ngā matū paitini, he tere te whakamahinga ngota, ā, kāore he parahanga. Ka taea te hangarua i ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua taha i te wā o te tukanga whakaputa, ā, ka whai hua tēnei ki te whakahaere i ngā utu whakaputa.

Te mākete rorohiko me ngā tūmanakohanga whanaketanga

I ngā tau tata nei, nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga me te whānui haere o ngā tono hou, kua riro te PC hei tētahi o ngā kirihou hangarau tino tere te tipu, ā, ko ngā kaihanga matua kei te United States, Ūropi ki te Hauāuru me Hapani, ko Bayer, GE Plastics, Dow Chemical me Teijin te kaiwhakahaere o te hanga me te mākete PC o te ao.

I te tau 2020, ka eke te rohe o Āhia-Moananui-a-Kiwa ki te 72.6% o te tono rorohiko ā-ao, ā, kua riro a Haina hei kaihanga me te kaihoko rorohiko nui rawa atu o te ao. Nā te tautoko kaha o ngā kaupapa here ā-motu, me te whakaurunga o te hangarau rorohiko i roto i te ahua o ngā mahi tahi me te pakari tonu o te hangarau whakaputa whaiaro ā-rohe, kua whakangaohia ngā kaupapa whakaputa rorohiko nui ki roto, ā, kua tino whakanuia te kaha whakaputa rorohiko ā-rohe, ā, kua puta mai i tēnei umanga ngā whai wāhitanga whanaketanga hou.

He tino teitei ngā arai hangarau ki te tukanga whakaputa PC, ā, i tīmata tōmuri a Haina. I mua i te tau 2015, i hangaia ngā whare hanga PC ā-rohe katoa mā te mahi tahi, mā te whakaurunga hangarau rānei, ā, he tino kaha te kaha whakaputa. Mai i taua wā, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā umanga pēnei i a Wanhua Chemical me Sichuan Zhonglan Guohua New Material ngā hangarau hanga PC me ngā mana pupuri hinengaro motuhake, ā, kua taea ai e ēnei te whanaketanga me te tipu o te umanga PC o Haina.

I tēnei wā, ko te kaha whakaputa hou o te ao kei Haina te nuinga. Ko te kaha whakaputa PC o Haina i te tau 2019 he 1.66 miriona tana, he pikinga 31.74% i ia tau, me te reiti whakamahinga kaha o te 58%. I te tau 2020 ka piki te kaha whakaputa PC o Haina ki te 2.44 miriona tana ia, ā, ka piki te whakaputa ki te 1.185 miriona tana.

Kua whakaurua te PC ki roto i te umanga hangarau matatau o te motu, ngā umanga rautaki matua e puta ake ana, me ngā wāhanga matua tekau kua whakaahuatia i roto i te "Made in China 2025". Nā ngā kaupapa here ā-motu me te haumitanga nui ki te kaha whakaputa ā-rohe, ka whakaatu te mākete PC ā-rohe ā muri ake nei i tētahi āhuatanga e nui ake ai te tuku i te tono, me te whakatau tata o te 2.41 miriona tana ia o te kaha whakaputa PC ka tukuna ki Haina i te tau 2023, ā, i taua wā ka tata te kaha whakaputa PC katoa o Haina ki te 3.6 miriona tana ia.

Ki te whakatauritea ki te kaha whakaputa PC e tere tipu ana, kāore i tukuna ngātahitia te tono o raro. I te nuinga o te wā, he puhoi te tipu o te kai PC, ā, kua uru te umanga ki tētahi wā whanaketanga iti. He iti te ātete pānga me te ātete matū o te PC noa, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā mara maha, engari he teitei ngā arai hangarau ki te whakaputa hua kounga teitei. I te whakawhānui ake i te whakaputanga me te tere tere, me whakapakari ngā umanga ā-rohe i te kounga o ā rātou hua me te whakarerekē i te raruraru o ngā hua iti rawa me te kore o ngā hua kounga teitei kia tipu ai, kia whanake ai i roto i te whakataetae mākete nui.

I roto i ngā tukanga whakaputa matua e toru o te PC, ko te tikanga kore-phosgene kāore e whakapoke i te taiao, kāore he hua taha, he iti te haumi, he pai te whai hua me te kounga teitei o ngā hua ka puta, koinei tonu te huarahi whanaketanga a meake nei o te PC. I tēnei wā, ka taea te whakaiti i te utu whakaputa o te DPC parakore-teitei mā te whakawhanake i ngā whakakorikori whai hua, ā, hei tāpiritanga, ka taea te hoahoa i ngā tauhohenga whai hua-teitei kia pai ai mō te whakaputa i ngā prepolymer PC me te matotoru rewa teitei.

Ahakoa kei te piki haere te kaha whakaputa me te whakamahinga o ngā rorohiko rorohiko i Haina, ko ngā hua he rauemi taketake te nuinga, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā takai, i ngā kiriata me ngā pepa, me ētahi atu, he iti noa ngā tono me ngā hua iti. Ko ngā hua utu nui e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā motuka, i ngā taputapu kāinga, i ngā hua hiko me ētahi atu mara kei te whakawhirinaki tonu ki ngā mahi tahi, ki ngā umanga ke rānei. I te tukunga atu o te kaha whakaputa, kei te tata haere te tuku me te tono ki te taurite, kei te kaha haere te whakataetae i roto i te umanga rorohiko rorohiko, ā, kei te aro atu ngā kamupene ki ngā wero nui. Ko te whakakore i ngā hangarau kino ki te taiao, te whakaiti i te utu whakaputa o ngā rauemi mata rorohiko rorohiko, te whakahaere me te whakapai ake i te mahi hua, te whakawhanake i ngā hua mahi teitei, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao o ngā taputapu, te whakapai ake i te whakataetae o ngā taputapu, me te whakanui ake i te kaha rangahau me te whanaketanga motuhake o te hangarau ā-rohe ko te huarahi whanaketanga o te umanga rorohiko rorohiko ā muri ake nei.