Me pēhea e taea ai e te hangarau hototahi e whanake haere ana te hangarua o ngā para kirihou whakauru?

He nui ngā otinga kua oti kē te hanga, kei te whakawhanakehia rānei e ngā kaiwhakarato tāpiringa me ngā tohunga mātauranga, hei whakaranu i ngā pūmua kore-hototahi hei hanga rauemi kaha ake, pumau ake. He maha kua whakawhanakehia me te whāinga ki te whakapai ake i ngā kirihou hangarua, he maha ngā wā engari ehara i te mea ko ngā rauemi hangarua muri-kaihoko (PCR) anake. He maha, engari ehara i te katoa, e whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga whakapiri maleic anhydride hei hono i te hononga i waenga i ngā pūmua polar me ngā pūmua kore-polar, i waenga rānei i ngā pūmua kore-polar engari kāore tonu i te hototahi (hei tauira, PE me PP).

Ko Intermix Performance Materials kei te US he kamupene tīmatanga i whakatūria i te tau kua hipa hei hokohoko i te whanaketanga o tētahi hangarau tāpiri hototahi poraka maha ethylene-propylene kua raihanahia mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Cornell. I whakatūria e Geoff Coates, Ahorangi Matū me te Koiora Matū o te Kura Tisch i Cornell, Andrew Arriz, Kaitātari Pakihi, me Ting-Wei Lin, Kairangahau Matua.

"Ko te HDPE me te polypropylene isotactic (iPP) ngā kirihou arumoni tino hangaia o te ao, ā, he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga whatu o rāua, e uaua ai te tukanga wehewehe i ngā kirihou e rua i runga i te tauine nui," te kī a Lin. Ahakoa ō rāua hanganga matū rite, kāore te HDPE me te iPP e hototahi tetahi ki tetahi, nō reira ka puta he rauemi pakarukaru, koretake hoki ina whakaranua ki te rewa. Ka ārai tēnei i te whai huatanga o te hangarua o ēnei kirihou. Kua pūrongohia he iti iho i te 7% me te 1% te taumaha o te HDPE me te iPP ka hangarua.

Mā te mahi tahi me tētahi kamupene kua whakatūriakaihanga hangarua kirihou, I whiwhi a Intermix i tētahi puranga pirepire i hangaia mai i ngā taura tawhito me ngā kupenga ika, ko te nuinga he mea hangarua mai i te moana. Ko te ōwehenga taumaha HDPE ki te iPP o ēnei kirihou moana he tata ki te 1:1. E ai ki te kamupene he pakarukaru ngā ranunga, ā, kāore e totoro me te kore e roa. Mā te tāpiri i te 2% o te taumaha o te hototahi a te kamupene, ka taea te whakanui ake i te pakari ki te neke atu i te 800% te roa i te whati.

E ai ki a Lin, ko ngā ranunga HDPE/iPP hototahi "kei te huri hei rauemi whai hua ka taea te tukatuka anō hei hua ahakoa te hanganga me te kore e taea te wehewehe i te ranunga HDPE/iPP hangarua. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te utu o te hangarua kirihou me te whakanui ake i te pai o te hangarua."

E rima ngā kaimahi a Intermix e arotahi ana ki te rangahau hua me te whakawhanake pakihi, ā, kei te mahi tahi rātou me ētahi kaihanga whakarewa hei whakanui ake i te hanga o ngā mea whakataurite mai i te karamu ki te kirokaramu. E kī ana a Lin, "Tērā pea ka taea te hanga hua mai i ngā ranunga HDPE/iPP hangarua."

Kua whakawhanakehia e Nexam Chemical o Sweden tētahi ariā e mōhiotia ana ko te "hangarua tauhohe" hei whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā pūmua hangarua kua whakaranua he uaua ki te hangarua. Ko tētahi tauira ko te PP hangarua kei roto ko te HDPE. "Ka tauhohe a Nexam R201 ki te pūmua hei hanga i tētahi ranunga PP/PE hei whakarato i te hototahitanga PP me te PE," te kī a Lars Öhrn, te tumuaki hokohoko o te kamupene. 85% rPP me te 15% rHDPE ranunga, i whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau kume he iti ake te rerekētanga."

Ko tētahi atu tauira o te whakamahinga ko te PE kei roto ko te PA. I te tāpiritanga o te Nexamite R405 ki te ranunga o te 93% HDPE me te 7% PA6, i whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau kume he pai ake ngā āhuatanga miihini me te āhua o te mata. I pai ake hoki te ahotea hua, ā, i kiia he rite te kaha o te whati ki te HDPE parakore.

Kāore a Öhrn i whakaatu i te tauhohenga matū motuhake i whakamahia, engari i kī ia kāore i ahu mai i te tākai maleic anhydride. E mea ana ia: "Ka mahi ki ngā polyolefins, engari ka taea hoki te hono me te tauhohe ki ngā polycondensates. Pērā i ngā extrusions tauhohe katoa, me tika te ranunga me te whakauru pūngao kia whiwhi ai i ngā hua pai rawa atu." Kei te wātea a Nexamite R201 me R405 i roto i te puka masterbatch.

Ko te tāpiritanga hou ki te putea a te Kamupene Grafting Nordic (NGC) ko te Acti-Tech Compatibilizer 16MA11F, i ahu mai i te anhydride maleic grafted (MA) Vistamaxx, he copolymer haurua-kiriata mai i ExxonMobil. E tutuki ana te tāpiritanga hou i ngā ture whakapā kai a te EU 10/2011, ā, e whakarato ana ki ngā kaihanga hangarua me ngā tukatuka he hototahi whānui ngāwari ki te tāpiri hei whakarei ake i te uara o ngā ranunga kei roto ngā momo polymer takai, tae atu ki ngā polyolefins, EVOH, PA me te PET, e ai ki te NGC, kua raihanahia ki a ExxonMobil mō te hangarau.

Ka taea te tāpiri i ngā hua Acti-Tech i ngā wāhanga katoa o te tukanga hangarua: i te wā e hangarua ana i roto i te whare, i mua rānei i te kaihoko, i te wā e whakapūpūhia ana me te tātari, kāore rānei e te kaihanga, i te wā e whakapūpūhia ana rānei e te kaihanga, e te kaiwhakatikatika rānei. E kī ana te kamupene: "Koinei te otinga tino pai mō te hangarua anō i ngā rauemi whāngai polymer whakaranu mai i te hangarua muri-ahumahi (PIR) te hangarua muri-kaihoko rānei (PCR) me ngā para o roto, e āhei ai te whakamahi i ēnei kirihou hangarua ki ngā hua hou, o nāianei rānei, me te kore e whakararu i te mahi whakamahinga mutunga."

E ai ki a NGC, he pai ake te horapa o te Acti-Tech 16MA11F, ā, he iti ake te rahi o te wāhanga marara o ngā matūriki PA me PET i roto i ngā papa polyolefin (ko te ōwehenga PA/PE noa he 40/60). E kī ana a Quentin Le Piouff, te kaiwhakahaere whanaketanga pakihi a te kamupene: "Hei tāpiritanga, ko te tāpiri o te 4% Acti-Tech Compatibilizer 16MA11F ki ngā kiriata ārai hangarua (LDPE 60% / PA 30% / EVOH 10%) i hua ake ai te whakaoranga o te kiriata me te āhuatanga whatu ki te whakatauritea ki ngā ranunga kāore i te hototahi, ā, he iti ake te utu."

Kei te whakamatautauria ngā tāpiringa Acti-Tech i roto i ngā momo para o mua i te kaihoko, o muri i te ahumahi, me muri i te kaihoko, tae atu ki ngā takai kiriata ārai maha-paparanga me ngā ringaringa whakaitiiti, ngā ipu matū whakapaipai me te tiaki tipu kua whakakikoruatia ki te pupuhi, ngā takai pakari, ngā ngongo me ngā ngongo whakapakari/maha-paparanga, ngā kupenga ika, ngā whāriki me ngā whāriki.

"E ai ki a Le Piouff, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te Acti-Tech 16MA11F hei hononga mō ngā rauemi koiora (māngaro, cellulose), te rauemi rakau (WPC) me te muka taiao (NFC). He maha ngā whakamahinga e whakamahi ana i tēnei hototahi whānui ka hokohokohia i roto i ngā marama e haere ake nei," tana kī.

Te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga

Ko Polyscope Polymers o Netherlands, ko tana pakihi matua he styrene-maleic anhydride, e kī ana kua tino piki ake tana wāhanga mākete i tēnei rāngai i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa. Ko te hokonga mai a Vertellus i te tīmatanga o tēnei tau e tika ana kia tautoko i ana wawata tipu ā muri ake nei. "Mā tēnei hokonga mai, ka whakawhānui ake a Polyscope i tōna aroaro i roto i te mākete tāpiri motuhake," te kī a Patrick Muezers, te Tumu Whakarae o Polyscope, "ā, ka taea e mātou te whakamahi i ngā rauemi o Vertellus i te ao, ngā āheinga me te tūranga kaiārahi mākete kaha hei pai ake te mahi ki ā mātou kiritaki o nāianei me ngā kiritaki hou."

Kei te tirotirohia ngā hononga mahi tahi pea i waenga i ngā putea Polyscope me Vertellus. E kī ana a muezers: "Ka puta tonu mai ngā hononga mahi tahi hou, engari kua kitea te kaha o te ZeMac copolymer ethylene MA e tukuna ana e Vertellus ki te tautoko i ngā tuku a Polyscope o nāianei."

"Mā te whakakotahitanga o ā mātou tāpiringa ka āwhina i a mātou ki te whakautu i ngā pātai a ā mātou kiritaki mō te arotautanga o ngā ranunga Xibond," tana kī. Kei te kite kē mātou i te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō ngā otinga pumau ake. Hei tauira, kua tīmatahia e mātou he maha ngā kaupapa hei tautoko i te tukatuka i ngā kirihou koiora i roto i ngā whakakotahitanga PLA/PBAT me ā mātou tāpiringa. I roto i tēnei kaupapa, he mea nui ā mātou hototahi Xibond ki te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai i roto i ngā tono me ngā whanaketanga, tae atu ki te neke mai i ngā putea PE tuku iho ki ngā putea hokohoko rauemi koiora."

"Hei tāpiritanga, kei te kite haere mātou i ngā whai wāhitanga ki te whakarato otinga mō te hurihanga o ngā momo polymer. Kei te kite ētahi o ā mātou kiritaki kei te āwhina ā mātou hototahi ki te whakaranu i te 'whakakotahi kirihou' me te ABS hei hanga ranunga ka taea te whakamahi i ngā ranunga PET/ABS mō ngā tono pēnei i ngā whare hiko," te whakamārama a Muezers.

"Hei whakamutunga, kua whiwhi mātou i te wheako mō te tauira ratonga Xibox, e whakamahia ana e mātou hei āwhina i ō mātou kiritaki ki te tere ake i te whakawhanaketanga hua, te tapahi i ngā wiki, ā, i ētahi wā, i ngā marama, mai i te tukanga whakawhanake. Ka whakamahia e mātou ngā taputapu whakaputa iti hei tirotiro tere i ngā hanganga a ō mātou kiritaki."

E kiia ana kua whakamahia te ariā tirotiro Xibox e ētahi kiritaki e pāngia ana e te wero o te hangarua i ngā rauemi maha.
Ko ngā hua Olebond o Tisan Engineering Plastics o Turkey he polymer i honoa ki te anhydride maleic i hangaia mā te extrusion tauhohe. E kī ana te kamupene, "I runga i te taumata o te hono me te momo polymer, ka āwhina a Olebond ki te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi mā te mahi hei hototahi, hei kaihoko hononga, hei whakarerekē pānga me te here."

Ko te karaehe Olebond 7401 he mea hanga ki te PP me te nui o te waikawa maleic i tāpirihia hei hononga i waenga i te polymer me te whakakī. E ai ki te kamupene ka āwhina hoki te karaehe 7401 ki te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā ranunga o te PP me ngā polymer kore-hototahi pēnei i te PA.
E whakamahia ana te Olebond 7402 hei kaiwhakaōrite me te kaihoko hononga i roto i ngā tono pēnei i ngā rauemi taura kore-halogen, ngā ngongo maha-paparanga, ngā paparanga me ngā ranunga PE me ētahi atu polymer. Hei kaiwhakaōrite, e kiia ana ka whakapai ake a Olebond 7402 i te piri o te PE ki ngā polymer pēnei i te PA me ētahi atu polyolefin. E kī ana a Tisan: "Ka whakaratohia e Olebond 7402 te horapa pai rawa atu i waenga i ngā whakakī kohuke, ngā muka me ngā papa polymer, ā, ka whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini o ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia. Hei tauira, ina whakamahia ki ngā rauemi kua whakarerekētia kua whakakīia ki te talc, ka takiruahia e Olebond 7402 te horapa o te talc."

Ko ētahi atu momo Olebond ko ngā hua ABS me EVA ka taea te whakamahi hei hototahi ki ngā hua rerekē. Ko te 7404 he maleic anhydride grafted ABS, ā, ko te 7405 he maleic anhydride grafted ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
Ko SK Functional Polymer (SKFP) kei Korea e tuku ana i te whānuitanga o ngā hototahi me ngā whakatere hangarua e kiia ana ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te huri i ngā para kirihou whakaranu hei rauemi utu nui (i whakatūria te kamupene mā te hoko mai i te pakihi polyolefin mahi a Arkema e SK Geo Centric i te tau 2020).

E kī ana a Lolita Hauguel, te kaiwhakahaere whanaketanga pakihi a te kamupene i Parani: "Kua arotahi a SKFP ki te whakawhanake i ngā polyolefin tauhohe e hototahi ai ngā ranunga kirihou hangarua ā-mīhini. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā terpolymer tauhohe a Lotader me ngā kapia whakapiri Orevac hei hototahi mō ngā ranunga rerekē. Ehara i te mea ko ngā otinga hangarua anake a SKFP mō ngā ranunga pēnei i te rPET/rPE, rPET/rPP, rPA/rPE, rPA/rPP, rPA/rPET …… mō ngā ranunga PE/EVOH anō hoki."

Kei te wātea arumoni te Lotader 4210 maleic acid grade hei whakapai ake i ngā para PE me ngā para EVOH maha-paparanga hangarua (ko ngā rauemi whakamutunga he mea iti noa iho mō ngā tono kore-kai). E ai ki a SKFP, ko tētahi atu tauira angitu e whakamahi ana i te Lotader AX i roto i te PET hangarua kua poke i ngā polyolefin kāore i tino tangohia i te wā o te tukanga whakarōpū.

E ai ki a SKFP kua whakaaturia hoki e rātou ko tana whānuitanga hou o ngā Lotryl T acrylate copolymers tino kanorau he otinga whakakaha tino whai hua mō ngā kapia styrene hangarua, e tuku ana i ngā āhuatanga pānga kua tino pai ake. Kei te tuku hoki te kamupene i ngā otinga hei whakapai ake i te ātete pānga me te whakarerekē i te matotoru o ngā rauemi rABS mā te whakakotahi i ngā Lotryl copolymers tino polar kore-tauhohe me te Lotader AX tauhohe. E ai ki a Hauguel: "Ko te huinga o te polarity me te tauhohenga o ēnei kapia te kī ki te whakapai ake angitu o ngā para kirihou hangarua."

E kiia ana he whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā polyolefin kua whakapirihia a Orevac hei hononga mō ngā rauemi PP me te PE kua whakakīia. Kei roto i te whānuitanga o ngā hua ko te PP kua whakapirihia, te HDPE/LLDPE kua whakapirihia me te EVA kua whakapirihia. He rerekē te nui o te anhydride maleic tauhohe i roto i ēnei hua, engari ki te teitei ake te nui, ka nui ake te whai huatanga hei hononga. He pai mō te whakamahi me te ATH, MDH, me ētahi atu whakakī kohuke me te karāhe me ngā muka taiao.

"E ai ki te perehitini o Petrochemicals, a Salvatore Monte, ka taea te whakatutuki i te hototahitanga o ngā momo polymer mā te whakamahi i ngā polymer grafting tauhohe: pērā i te maleic anhydride grafted PP, ngā bipolar copolymers (hei tauira, SEBS), ngā free radical graft initiators (hei tauira, diisopropyl benzene peroxide), me ngā organometallic coupling agents (hei tauira, titanates). Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga whakarerekētanga ka whakaaro noa ki ngā heteroatomic titanate coupling agents ina he raruraru ki ngā whakakī, ki te piri rānei ki ngā momo substrates," tana kī. Engari ko te mea pono, he whakakorikori pumau wera ēnei ka taea te whakahou i ngā momo polymer i roto i te extruder rewa, pērā i te whakamahinga o ngā titanocene me ngā ZN catalysts mō te monomer polymerization."

I mea ia, "Ko tētahi painga o te whakakorikori titanate heteroatomic ko te tere o te rere o te polymer hua i ngā pāmahana iti iho, me te pikinga paku o te kaha kume me te pikinga nui o te roa. Mā te tāpiri i te 0.2% mā te taumaha o te whakakorikori hei whakaiti i ngā pāmahana tukatuka he huarahi hou ki te whakawhānui i te matapihi tukatuka mō ngā polymer rerekē, pērā i te PC e hiahia ana ki ngā pāmahana tukatuka teitei (neke atu i te 300°C), me te PVC e aro nui ana ki te wera."

E kī ana a Monte, i tēnei tere tāpiri, i rua te putanga whakaputa o te kōtaha whare maramara rorohiko uPVC mārama i te pāmahana tukatuka iti iho o te 47°C i te tāpiritanga. Ka whakapai ake hoki i te rere rewa i te pāmahana tukatuka iti iho o te 100°C mō te hanga werohanga o te whakarerekētanga PC whakakaha muka karāhe 40% kua whakamahia e ngā kiritaki mō ngā tau maha ki te whakaputa turanga mira mā te hanga i te whakarerekētanga ki runga i ngā rau maitai.

Ka whai wāhi nui ngā kaiwhakatikatika me ngā kaiwhakaōrite ki te nekehanga mai i te ōhanga raina ki te ōhanga porowhita, e ai ki a Dow, e whakawhanake ana i ētahi atu hua hei tautoko i te hangarua o ngā huinga rauemi kore e hototahi. Ko tana whakarerekētanga polymer Retain 3000, i hangaia mō te hangarua i ngā kiriata muri-ahumahi kei roto ko EVOH, e kīia ana ka whakaiti i te gelation, i te mea ka whakamahia te tohu Fusabond hei whakarerekētanga pānga me te kaiwhakaōrite i roto i ngā polyolefin hangarua muri-kaihoko.