Ngā Āhuatanga e Pā Ana ki te Pāmahana Whakawhiti Karāhe, te Pāmahana Rewa me te Pāmahana Rere Mataotao o ngā Polymers

Ko te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe (Tg), te pāmahana rewa (Tm) (mō ngā pūmua tioata) me te pāmahana rere matotoru (Tf) (mō ngā pūmua kore-kiriata) o ngā pūmua he tawhā pāmahana nui. Ko te Tg te mea e whakatau ana i te pāmahana ratonga o te pūmua, ko te Tm me te Tf te mea e whakatau ana i te pāmahana tukatuka o te pūmua. He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā uara Tg, Tm me te Tf o te pūmua.

Te awe o te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te pūmua

I. Hanganga mekameka

(1) Mekameka matua. Mā te whakaurunga o ngā rōpū pakari pērā i te phenyl, ngā rōpū biphenyl me ngā hononga takirua honohono ki te mekameka matua ka piki ake te pakari o te mekameka, ko Tg, Tm me Tf ia ka piki ake; mā te whakaurunga o ngā hononga ether me ngā hononga takirua motuhake ki te mekameka matua ka ngāwari te mekameka, ā, ka heke iho a Tg, Tm me Tf ia.

(2) Ngā rōpū taha. Ina he rōpū pakari te rōpū taha, ka heke te ngāwari o te mekameka i te pikinga o te rōrahi o te rōpū taha, ā, ka piki katoa a Tg, Tm me Tf; ina he rōpū ngāwari (he mekameka ngāwari rānei) te rōpū taha (te mekameka taha rānei), ka nui ake te rōpū taha (mekameka), ka pai ake te ngāwari, kātahi ka pai ake te ngāwari o te mekameka ngota katoa, ā, ka heke katoa a Tg, Tm me Tf.

E whakaatu ana te huinga o (1) me (2) ka taea e ngā āhuatanga hanganga mekameka katoa e whakanui ana i te pakari o te mekameka te whakanui ake i ngā uara Tg, Tm me Tf, ā, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga hanganga mekameka katoa e whakanui ana i te ngāwari o te mekameka te whakaiti i ngā uara Tg, Tm me Tf.

II. Ngā kaha ā-iwi
Ko ngā pūmua pōro, me ngā taunekeneke kaha i waenga i ngā rōpū pōro i runga i te mekameka ngota ngota me ngā kaha ā-iwi-ngota kaha, he nui ake ngā uara Tg, Tm me Tf i ngā uara e rite ana mō ngā pūmua kore-pōro; ā, ka piki ake ngā uara Tg, Tm me Tf i te pikinga ake o ngā kaha ā-iwi-ngota.

III. Taumaha ngota
I te mea he hononga a Tm ki te whakatioatatanga, i te nuinga o te wā, he iti noa te pānga o te taumaha ngota ki a Tm, ā, ka piki ake a Tg me Tf i te pikinga o te taumaha ngota. Mō Tg, ka kitea ake tēnei ia i ngā taumaha ngota iti, ko Tg ia ka tino puhoi te huri ina piki te taumaha ngota ki tētahi taumata.

He nui ake te pānga o te taumaha ngota ki te Tf i tērā ki te Tg. Nā te mea ko te pānga o te taumaha ngota ki te Tg e pā ana ki te pānga pito mekameka, ka taea anake te whakaatu ina he teitei te ihirangi pito mekameka o te pūnaha, arā, he iti te taumaha ngota; ina teitei te taumaha ngota ki tētahi whānuitanga, ā, he iti te taumaha o te pito mekameka ki tētahi whānuitanga tata koretake, kāore tōna pānga ki te Tg e nui.

Ko te Tf te pāmahana matua e nekehia ana te pokapū o te papatipu o te mekameka pūmua katoa, ā, ka tutuki te nekehanga o te mekameka katoa mā te nekehanga ngātahi o ngā wāhanga mekameka katoa. Ko te teitei ake o te taumaha ngota, ko te nui ake o te maha o ngā wāhanga mekameka e hiahia ana kia neke ngātahi, ā, ko te nui ake o ngā kaha waku e hiahia ana kia hinga i te wā o te nekehanga, ā, ko te teitei ake o te Tf. Nō reira, he tino whakawhirinaki te uara Tf ki te taumaha ngota.

Te awe o nga mea o waho

I. Ngā tāpiringa wairewa ngota iti

I ētahi wā ka tāpirihia ngā mea whakarewa kirihou, ētahi atu tāpiringa wairewa rānei ki ngā kai hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga tukatuka, hei hoatu rānei i tētahi āhuatanga ki te hua i te wā e tukatukahia ana.te hanga me te tukatuka i te pūmuaMō ngā pūmua, he rite ēnei ngota iti ki ngā wairewa, ā, ka whakaitihia e rātou te Tg, Tm me te Tf o te pūmua.

II. Ngā mana o waho

He pānga pana tō ngā kaha o waho kotahi te ahunga ki ngā wāhanga mekameka, nō reira ka taea e te whakanui ake i ngā kaha o waho te whakaiti i a Tg me Tf. Mā te whakanui ake i te roanga o te kaha o waho ka pai ake te nekehanga o ngā ngota i te ahunga o te kaha o waho, ka whakaitihia hoki a Tf. Mā te pikinga o te pēhanga ka whakaitihia te rōrahi kore utu, ka whakanuia hoki a Tg me Tf.

Ko te pānga o ngā kaha o waho ki a Tm penei: ina whakatioata he pūhui i raro i ngā kaha kume, ka piki ake te kaha ki te whakatioata, ka piki ake te taumata o te whakatioata me te ira rewa o ngā tioata, arā, ka piki ake a Tm; ko te whakatioata i raro i te pēhanga ka piki ake te matotoru o te papa, ka piki ake te tino pai o te tioata, ka teitei ake hoki a Tm.

III. Te tere o te whakamātautau

Ko tēnei e pā ana ki te rahi o te uara whakamātautau i whiwhihia i runga i te whakamātautau pāmahana. Nā te mea he tukanga whakangā te nekehanga o ngā mekameka polymer, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wā, he whanaungatanga kei waenganui i te uara whakamātautau Tg me te tauine wā whakamātautau: mā te whakanui ake i te tere o te whakamahana, te auau rānei o ngā whakamātautau hihiri ka piki ake te Tg. He rite tonu te āhua mō te Tf, ā, he rerekē te āhua mō te Tm. I te whakamātautau i ngā uara Tm, ki te piki haere te pāmahana, ka taea te whakarewa i ngā kirikiri kāore i tino pai i te tuatahi, kātahi ka whakakōkōtia anō hei tioata tino pai, pumau hoki i te pāmahana teitei ake. Ko te mea whakamutunga e kiia nei ko te "ira whakarewa" ko te pāmahana e rewa ai ngā tioata tino pai katoa, ā, ka teitei ake i te uara i inehia i te pikinga tere o te pāmahana.